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ANSWERS: Gold Manipulation Quiz
1) Is Gold freely traded according to the US Commodities Exchange Act? a) Yes b) No Answer: b) No. It is illegal under the Commodities Exchange Act for COMEX futures and options to set the true price of physical Gold. Unfortunately, the physical gold supply/demand dynamics are only a tiny part of the gold market. The truth of what is going on at the COMEX almost boggles the mind. According to the CME, in the month of December 2009 the Average Daily Volume of Gold Futures and Options contracts was a stunning 209,804 contacts or about 21M oz of gold per day! http://www.cmegroup.com/trading/metals/files/2009-12_MoMU.PDF With 22 working days in December (2010) the amount of paper gold traded in one month is close to 14,000 tons of gold! Almost twice as much as the Official US Government holdings. On a yearly basis it would be over 160,000 tons or more gold than has "officially" ever been mined in the history of mankind. The sad truth of these facts is that only a handful of banks collude in trading most of these contacts back and forth with each other to "control" the price. Remember, the COMEX is only 1 exchange where gold is traded. The same type of distorted dynamics can be found on the London Bullion Market, the OTC Gold Derivative Market, in the Gold ETF's as well as every other "freely traded" gold market. My friend Adrian Douglas wrote an excellent piece on the LBMA: Let's face it. Gold is the most manipulated financial instrument in the history of financial markets. After 1971 it was Alan Greenspan that used his computer programming expertise to rig the gold markets. http://www.roadtoroota.com/public/101.cfm Robert Rubin and Goldman Sachs took over "control" of the price of gold by introducing gold leasing to the markets in the early 1980's. Since the late 1980's a cabal of banking interests has controlled the price of gold with computer manipulation to the extent it is not allowed to rise above levels that are believed to threaten the soundness of the US Dollar. Currently, the Federal Reserve Bank and US Treasury are directing the banking cabal as to the gold manipulation maneuvers. 2) What % of trading time is the gold market rigged? a) 10% b) 25% c) 50% d) 100% Answer: d) 100% The gold price is set by computer programs at the margins. To manipulate gold the banking cabal colludes with each other to sell paper gold when the price rises above their "set range" of acceptable prices. These limits are in place at all times and in all gold markets in order to keep the price under wraps. The CFTC and SEC allow this illegal practice because it is the policy of the United States to control the price of gold as it is the only true barometer of the value of the US Dollar. Review the Road to Roota Theory on Gold Market Manipulation http://www.roadtoroota.com/public/190.cfm The truth of the matter is that THERE WILL BE NO FREE MARKETS UNTIL COMPUTER TRADING OPERATIONS ARE BANNED! 3) Which ex-Goldman Sachs employee took over the control of the gold manipulation operations after running the GS London Gold trading office and convincing counties to lease their gold reserves? a) Gerald Corrigan b) Robert Rubin c) Larry Summers d) Henry Paulson Answer b) Robert Rubin In order to better control the gold market in the early 1980's Robert Rubin convinced many Central Banks to lease their physical gold such that it could be sold into the open market to suppress the price of gold. To hedge the leased gold that was sold the bullion banks convinced mining companies to hedge their future production and the central banks bought the hedged production expecting to get delivery of physical gold to cover their leased metal. This strategy failed when the price of gold dropped so low that mining companies began struggling to mine gold profitably then got destroyed by having to market-to-market their hedged gold when the price rapidly rose. http://www.rapidtrends.com/gold-cartel-suppressing-manipulating-gold-price/ 4) Where did the banking cabal get their large supply of physical gold to help implement their global gold rigging operations? a) Fort Knox b) Nazi Gold c) Yamashita's Gold d) all of the above Answer: d) all of the above The Achilles heel of the gold market manipulation has always been control of the physical gold market. After WWII the US and the banking cabal used huge amounts of gold absconded from Hitler as well a gigantic physical gold hoard found in the Philippines known as Yamashita's gold. I explore the hidden gold used in the manipulation here: Golden Secrets http://www.roadtoroota.com/public/181.cfm In late 2009 Rob Kirby reported that the US sold large amounts of gold plated Tungsten bars in the 1990's. http://www.financialsense.com/fsu/editorials/kirby/2009/1112.html The ramifications of this are hard to overestimate and currently the secrets are being kept by the large holders of 400oz gold bars. I expect many holders are very worried that they are holding Tungsten instead of gold. http://www.roadtoroota.com/public/148.cfm 5) What 2 people have been leading the fight against gold manipulation for over 10 years? a) Jon Nadler and Philip Klapwijk b) Bill Murphy & Chris Powell c) Larry Summers & Tim Geithner d) Ted Bulter & Jason Hommel Answer: b) Bill Murphy & Chris Powell Nobody, and I mean NOBODY, has done more to end the official manipulation of the gold than Bill and Chris over at the Gold Anti Trust Action Committee (GATA). We should ALL support their efforts. 6) In the early 1970's, who wrote the original market rigging computer programs used to rig the gold, silver, energy and currency markets. a) Goldman Sachs b) The Rothschilds c) Alan Greenspan d) US Government Answer: c) Alan Greenspan Not many people know that Greenspan was an expert computer programmer in the 1960's. I have proven that Greenspan actually destroyed the US Dollar ON PURPOSE to return us to the Gold Standard. Let me tell you that I taken serious flack over this from almost ALL my gold bug friends...but it's TRUE! Read this article and you will become a believer as well. http://www.roadtoroota.com/public/101.cfm One thing that EVERYBODY can agree on: Alan Greenspan has done more to accelerate the destruction of the fiat monetary system and the advancement of gold than any other human being in history... The only question left is DID HE DO IT ON PURPOSE?! 7) In order to control Gold, the market riggers knew that the Silver market had to be controlled as well. Where did the banking cabal get the bulk of its physical silver to continue the silver market rigging operations in the 1990's? a) US Treasury b) China c) Warren Buffett d) The Manhattan Project Answer: d) The Manhattan Project In the 1940's the US used almost 500M oz of US Treasury Silver to make the super magnets called "Calutrons" that were needed to make the first atomic bombs. In the early 1990's physical silver was so scarce they shut down the Calutrons to get the physical silver back. This is an amazing, true life, conspiracy that has all the elements of a fantastic movie... secret weapons, global control, hidden treasures, mad scientists and a global cover up. It doesn't get any better! http://www.roadtoroota.com/public/135.cfm http://www.roadtoroota.com/public/151.cfm One thing to take away from this revelation...physical silver is so scarce and important that the United States had to disassemble their greatest scientific/military advancement to continue the control of the fragile silver market. GOT SILVER?! 8) In the battle to take down the banking cabal there are good guys, bad guys and people who the jury is still out on. Of the following people name 5 "good guys". a) George Bush Sr b) Barrack Obama c) Barney Frank d) Christopher Dodd e) Ron Paul f) Michael Mukasey g) Hank Paulson h) Larry Summers i) Paul Volcker j) Nancy Pelosi Answer: c) Barney Frank e) Ron Paul f) Michael Mukasey i) Paul Volcker j) Nancy Pelosi I know there are MANY more "good guys" that put much more at risk. Those individuals will be revealed over time. Here's my take on each of the above "good guys". http://www.roadtoroota.com/public/117.cfm Ron Paul -- Senator on the original Gold Commission and in 1982 wrote the "Minority Report" attached to the Gold Commission Report advocating the immediate return to the Gold Standard. Barney Frank -- Member of the Committee on American Eagle Coin Act of 1982 and recent vocal opponent of the Federal Reserve System. Michael Mukasey -- Former Attorney General leading the legal battle against the banking cabal after years of having to watch the US legal system be destroyed by planted corrupt judges, unconstitutional rulings and illegal intimidation. Paul Volcker -- As I predicted in the above article Volcker has come out of the shadows with the announcement of "The Volcker Rule" that would prohibit the banking cabal from rigging the markets. Nancy Pelosi - I know all you free market advocates believe that she shouldn't be listed as a good guy because of her reckless spending spree BUT remember...first and foremost we need to destroy the US Dollar to get back to a Gold Standard. Trust me. Pelosi is "in the know"... http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/06/18/pelosi-on-fed-people-want_n_217580.html There are many more "good guys" working to free us...keep an eye out for them! 9) Which popular gold market commentator advanced his career by developing the gold "Pooled Accounts" concept at Republic National Bank and Bank of America before convincing the Perth Mint, Royal Canadian Mint and Kitco to sell their customers paper certificates of "Pooled Metal"? a) Andy Smith b) Dennis Gartman c) Jon Nadler d) Clive Maund Answer: c) Jon Nadler Just look at his resume: "Mr. Nadler has extensive and long-standing ties in the global precious metals community and has consulted on marketing and product development issues to government mints (US Mint, Royal Canadian Mint, Perth Mint).." http://www.ibtimes.com/cast/author/jon-nadler.htm It was Ted Butler who exposed the "Pooled Accounts" fraud in 2007 with his article Buyer Beware http://www.butlerresearch.com/buyerbeware.html If I were Nadler I'd remove anything related to "marketing and product development" at those metal leasing cesspools when promoting his Gold career achievements. I must admit that this guy perplexes me. On one hand I thought he was just a henchman for the cabal but lately I'm thinking he's just an arrogant jackass that has been caught with his pants down in the gold leasing snare. Any way you slice it, he is incredibly anti-gold and spews his moronic venom on Kitco, one of the most viewed gold websites in the world. Yes, there's a little attitude here because of Nadler's CONSTANT insulting and degrading comments towards the gold manipulation crowd. For example, he invented the lovely phrase "Tin Foil Hat Gang" for my friends over at GATA.org. Of course, I wear that "Tin Foil Hat" with pride these days as we have been proven right time and time again...sorry Jonny Boy! 10) What US Senator was instrumental in hiding one of the largest gold deposits ever discovered such that the US could exploit other countries gold before using our own? a) Nancy Pelosi b) Newt Gingrich c) Ted Kennedy d) Dianne Feinstein Answer: d) Dianne Feinstein Back in 1994 California Senator Dianne Feinstein orchestrated a very controversial take over of one of the largest gold deposits in the world in the Chocolate Mountains of California. Karen-lee Bixman (no relation:-) exposes this takeover in this article: "The Great Gold Heist". http://www.uhuh.com/1calfraud/stacks/bixman.htm "Unbeknownst to the public, inside the range is the world's richest gold rift zone. Geologists estimate that the gold contained in this zone is worth between $40 to $100 billion. These are surface gold deposits which are more profitable to mine than the one-mile deep gold deposits in South Africa." "Engineers allege that in 1981 and 1982, Consolidated Goldfields, which owned the mine at the time, illegally drilled into the gunnery range area to determine the composition of the ore body. The samples proved to be of high quality. According to these same engineers, beginning in the mid-1980s, military helicopters brought high ranking military officers, Congressmen and Senators to the area to examine these large gold deposits." More secret gold stashes can be found here: http://www.roadtoroota.com/public/181.cfm 11) Which CFTC Commissioner is being set up as the "free market advocate" to take over for the ex-Goldman Sach's market-rigger-turned-good-guy CFTC Chairman, Gary Gensler after the COMEX crashes and defaults on all its gold and silver contracts? a) Bart Chilton b) Michael Dunn c) Jill Summers d) Scott O'Malia Answer: a) Bart Chilton Clearly, Bart Chilton SEEMS like he is leaning towards the end of market manipulation but that wasn't enough for me until I read the following statement on page 13 of the transcript of meeting on International Manipulation: "I was in Senator Feinstein's office not too long ago talking with her about this issue, and I have got to commend her for really having foresight on this issue years and years ago. The rest of us are merely trying to sort of catch up and get to where she's been." Knowing Dianne Feinstein has been working with the "good guys" for years it is easy to see where Chilton's loyalty lies. As far as Chairman Gensler, he was in charge of market rigging for Robert Rubin but I think he has turned sides to assist in the transition. Clearly, he has made his money as a currency rigger at Goldman Sachs so when the heat comes down he will ride off on his Golden Parachute. http://www.roadtoroota.com/public/167.cfm 12) Which US Mint has been reconditioned to begin the mass production of US Gold and Silver Eagles after the US Dollar crashes? a) West Point Mint b) San Francisco Mint c) Philadelphia Mint e) Denver Mint Answer: b)San Francisco Mint In October 2006 Nancy Pelosi and Dianne Feinstein presided over the striking of the first US Silver and Gold coins to be struck in the "New Mint". http://feinstein.senate.gov/news-oldmint-sfchron.htm Can you see the BRAND NEW CNC COINING MACHINE behind them?! Nice "historical retrofit" :-) I find the language used in the article very revealing...as if they are reminiscing on the days when we used gold and silver as money! "..hefty and sound as your grandfather's silver dollar." "They called it 'the Granite Lady,' as if it were a venerable human being." "The Old Mint used to be a place where gold dust and nuggets were converted to coin. Now it will be a place where stories of the past come alive.' "It produced half the currency in the United States at one time,' Feinstein said. "It is very special.' "Two hundred million in gold was saved. You can imagine how much that gold would be worth today." "Today," she said, "marks a bright new day for the Old Mint.' Of course, just as the return to the gold standard has been delayed so has the opening of the SF Mint! But on opening day...I'll be first in line! 13) What little known company is an "Authorized Participant" in both the major Gold and Silver ETF's yet is the only company that is NOT publicly traded claiming to use "state-of-the-art technology and algorithmic models" while they "make money by improving prices available to the public". a) Dick Cheney and Associates b) Long Term Capital Management c) Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC d) EWT, LLC Answer: d) EWT, LLC As far as I know I'm the only person in the world jumping up and down about this company and it's obvious connection to the banking cabal. EWT, LLC is an "Authorized Participant" in the GLD and SLV ETF's but is not public, has few employees, is fairly invisible and has only been in operation since 2002. Yet somehow, it has amassed a computer based trading platform so vast and far reaching that in just 5 years it boasts of being a "leading market maker….on 25 exchanges and market centers globally." So how did a start-up trading company build such a large and powerful trading network so fast? What if I were to tell you that this little known company was closely connected to the senior banking Cabal market rigger Robert Rubin and the former NYMEX Chairman Vincent Viola? Read my article on the subject: Who's the Little Man Behind the Curtain http://www.roadtoroota.com/public/133.cfm 14) What organization released a series of educational comics on January 1, 2007 that revealed a secret agenda to return the United States to their Constitutional monetary system of using gold and silver as money? a) Republican National Party b) Tea Party Movement c) Campaign For Liberty d) US Federal Reserve Bank Answer: d) US Federal Reserve Bank Ahh...the beginnings of The Road to Roota. Read the Road to Roota Theory and digest the archives...you won't believe your eyes! http://www.roadtoroota.com/public/190.cfm ROAD TO ROOTA LETTER ARCHIVES http://www.roadtoroota.com/public/department36.cfm
15) What US regulation prevented a new financial product called "swaps" from being regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) or the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). a) Commodity Exchange Act b) Commodity Futures Modernization Act c) Trading With The Enemy Act d) Currency Exchange Act Answer: b) Commodity Futures Modernization Act This act alone set the ground work for the destruction of the banking cabal by giving them just enough rope to hang themselves! Watch the following video to understand how much effort was expended to remove ALL market regulation knowing all the while that market destruction would be the inevitable result. Poor Brooksley Born served as the perfect patsy on the road to destroy the banking cabal. The Warning http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/warning/view/ Don't get me wrong, Ms Born is a true hero in her fight against what she thought was just and evil plot to scam the markets. How could she know the true meaning behind the maneuver? Listen to Brooksley Born explain the problems she encountered in her own words when she accepted her JFK Profiles in Courage Award in August 2009. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0dVcic7czQ8&feature=channel Innocent people have been trampled on down The Road to Roota. I just hope it is all worth it. 16) How much physical gold has been mined in the history of mankind? a) 160,000 tons b) 250,000 tons c) 500,000 tons d) 1,000,000 tons + Answer: d) 1,000,000 + I'm sure I lost a few of the gold faithful on this one but hiding excess gold from public knowledge is a requirement to prolong the fiat monetary system. What would have happened if the US announced that they found 300k+ tons of gold hidden in the Philippines right after WWII? We were on a fairly strict gold standard at the time believing that there was less than 100,000 tons of gold in the world. The devaluation of the global reserve currency would have been devastating! Here's an article I wrote on hidden gold...both above and below ground secrets. http://www.roadtoroota.com/public/181.cfm As far as fake gold... THERE IS A LOT! I believe the Tungsten gold issue was purposefully disclosed to help in removing the banking cabal. How much fake gold is held by governments, banks, Rothschilds family members and rich folk is UNKNOWN. Ultimately, we will have to have a global REMELT and a new system to assay all gold bars. My advice is to stick to smaller of gold coins or stay away from gold all together and buy SILVER coins. 1oz Silver coins are fairly safe because they aren't worth the effort to fake because of the weight/cost ratio. BUT STAY AWAY FROM COMEX/LME GOOD DELIVERY GOLD AND SILVER BARS...those are worth the time to fake and SLV has done an excellent job in rewriting their prospectus to avoid blame on their FAKE SILVER BARS in inventory! When the public becomes aware of the fake gold problem it may touch every physical gold product. If you are buying or selling gold the catch phrase will be "PROVE IT!" It is time to play it safe...1oz Gold and Silver Eagles and pre 1964 junk silver coins are your best bet. 17) According to the "Road to Roota Theory" what important part of today's world economy will abruptly end when gold is set free from manipulation? a) The use of paper money. b) Globalization and trade between nations c) Manufacturing and Construction d) The Federal Reserve Banking System Answer: b) Globalization and trade between nations I'm afraid everyone is underestimating the significance of the coming events. Expect massive bank failures, seizing up of credit markets, default on derivative contracts and the destruction of our monetary system. There will be a lot of BLAME and little TRUST in anyone or anything outside of your own country. China will be angry that they will not be able to cash those Trillions of US dollars in for hard assets. In the end each country will be on their own on figuring out how to move forward. The United States has been preparing for this moment for over 40 years. I doubt the world's financial and economic system of trade will function as each country fends for themselves. The ANSWERS can be found in The Road to Roota comic: http://www.bos.frb.org/education/pubs/roota.pdf Page 6 - Question #6 "In what circumstances might the Pebblepeople consider exporting flowers to Gopher Junction and Boulder's Ridge?" "Do you think that every resident of Pebbleton will own at least one flower before trade with other towns occurs?" *Both of these questions imply that global trade has stopped and might, sometime in the future, resume again. Page 6 - Question #8 "What are some important resources whose introduction helped make our economy what it is today? What would happen if one of these resources (oil, steel, electricity, computers, airplanes, television, fish, cotton, maple syrup)could no longer be produced in this country? What substitutes might be found? What industries would disappear? What would happen to the value of such resources? *Can they be more obvious?! The only reason these questions are being asked is because the scenario contemplated is THE END OF GLOBALIZED TRADE BETWEEN NATIONS! 18) Which popular gold investment will likely survive the collapse of the fiat monetary system? a) Gold ETF's b) Gold Mining Stocks c) COMEX/LME Gold Contracts d) Digital Gold Accounts e) Gold "Pooled Accounts" f) Gold Certificates g) None of the above Answer: g) None of the above Again, I think everyone is underestimating the significance of the coming events. NOTHING BASED ON ELECTRONIC/PAPER VALUE WILL SURVIVE! Most of the above investment vehicles are riddled with fraud and malfeasance anyways. How many bankrupt and/or corrupt entities stand between you and your gold investments? Your brokerage company, your bank, your mining company, your bullion dealer, your safe deposit box (can you even get in the bank after a crash?)...and even the mining shares that you certificated (are they real and who will redeem them?). Also, almost all these need to travel through the biggest PONZI scam in history... THE Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (DTCC) for "SETLEMENT"! http://futurenewstoday.blogspot.com/2009/10/dtcc-wall-streets-untouchable-bookie.html As far as Gold Mining Stocks that are leveraged to the price of gold...ARE YOU KIDDING ME?! What country in their right mind would allow some "gold bug investor in another country" to take ownership of one of the only assets that will retain monetary value after a fiat money crash? NONE! As far as domestic mining companies I think it is up in the air. The anger may be so great that Nationalization will be on the table. In the US, the Government may even try to Nationalizing mines by paying share holders "pre Crash Fair Market Value" of mining stocks such that NOBODY WINS from the debacle caused by the collapse of fiat money. Stick to gold and silver 1oz coins in your own possession. In the US your best bet is gold and silver eagles and pre 1965 coins. Don't be caught "in the system" at crash time. 19) By the end of 2012 what will be the most likely price of 1oz of physical gold in the United States? a) $1,500 b) $5,000 c) $50,000 d) $50 Answer: d) $50 When the fiat crash hits it will spell the END of the FIAT US Dollar and a return to Gold and Silver Coins. All paper and electronic assets will vaporize in a blink of an eye. According to Roota, the new "colored flowers" will be allocated according to AGE. The US Social Security System is the perfect allocation tool for distributing the new money as it was earned over a lifetime of work and is equitable to all. The reason Social Security taxes have been capped is so NOBODY will be overly wealthy when we start fresh. http://www.socialsecurity.gov/OACT/COLA/cbb.html 1oz of gold in the United States will be worth the face value of the Gold Eagle Coin... $50. 20) According to the Road to Roota Theory will the "good guys" who are trying to take down the "bad guys" ultimately win their battle and return the United States to their Constitutional form of Government? a) Yes, it's only a matter of time b) No, the bad guys are too powerful c) The jury is still out Answer: a) Yes, it's only a matter of time We are winning the battle. We will remove the banking cabal and the evil people and institutions that have controlled our lives for all these years. I believe we are very close. **BONUS QUESTION*** According to the Road to Roota analysis of the Federal Reserve Bank comic "Wishes & Rainbows" what is the primary reason for ending the long term manipulation of gold and destroying the banking cabal? Answer: 911. Hopefully, by now you have done your research and have found that 911 WAS an "inside job" and it was not Islamic Terrorists that took down the THREE sky scrapers in a matter of seconds, punched a small hole the size of a missile into the Pentagon and made a jet evaporate on a corn field without a scrap of wreckage. Here are a couple of reports which you can find everything you need to know: Collateral Damage: U.S. Covert Operations and the Terrorist Attacks on September 11 2001 September 11 Commission Report Revised December 2008 http://www.scribd.com/doc/17233336/September-11-Commission-Report-Revised-December-2008 What's all this got to do with The Road to Roota Analysis? Just look at the Fed Comic Again. From the Original Road to Roota http://www.roadtoroota.com/public/120.cfm In the 1981 version Roota writes various asset allocation formulas including a formula very similar to Bertil Naslund's conclusion in "On The Road to the Golden Age" www.springerlink.com/content/g175216710577801 This theory dealt with Nobel Prize winner E. Phelps's Golden Rule theory of equal capital accumulation. In the 60's and early 70's these were leading edge theories on monetary policy. Naslund's theory concluded the optimal path time frame (T) would be best if it went to infinity (See the symbol T and infinity in the sand?). It's not hard to conjecture that, applied to the implementation of the gold standard, the best strategy would be to first totally devalue the currency (sending gold to infinity in dollar terms) increasing GNP and hording physical gold (and other commodities) before introducing the discipline of the Gold Standard. But the look at the image change in the 2007 version on the right. Clearly the asset allocation formulas are gone and were replaced with 11+9... or 911! This is not random. Look at the Islamic crescent inside the flower. Was this a symbol of the fact that Islam is a peaceful religion, that Islamic Terrorists had no involvement in 911 and a message to the "bad guys" that their reign is over? I believe 911 is the reason the "good guys" are cutting short their original plan of long term implementation and preparing to go on the Gold Standard as soon as possible. As the banking cabal falls the TRUTH about 911 will be told and the world will be outraged. The curtains are falling already with the Washington Times reporting on over 1,000 architects and engineers demanding a full investigation of the 3 building freefall collapses. http://www.silverbearcafe.com/private/02.10/Armageddon.html It is time to pull the curtain away and let the pieces fall where they may! THANK YOU FOR TAKING THE GOLD MANIPULATION QUIZ How did you do? Do you know what's going on in the gold market now? Here's how to rank your score... Correct Answers: 0-5 You should stop watching CNBC and start reading the Road to Roota ARCHIVES! 6-10 You are just learning about the "Little Man behind the Curtain"...keep it up. 11-15 You have more knowledge of the Gold market than 99.9% of all investors. 16-20 You need to teach the masses about gold because YOU ARE IN THE KNOW! If you got all the answers right plus the BONUS QUESTION... YOU HAVE REACHED THE PLACE OF "GOLDEN ENLIGHTENMENT"...WELCOME! I invite you to sign up for FREE updates on the Road to Roota by using the below form... YOU WON'T REGRET IT! May the Road you choose be the Right Road. Bix Weir
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